https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31226747
https://www.linkedin.com/company/tableau-software/
https://experts.illinois.edu/en/persons/king-c-li
http://www.linkedin.com https://www.internetlivestats.com https://www.usa.gov https://worldtop20.org/ http://www.ox.ac.uk https://www.cam.ac.uk https://edition.cnn.com https://www.bbc.com https://www.apple.com/br/ https://www.nasdaq.com http://www.instagram.com http://www.twitter.com http://www.b3.com.br/pt_br/ http://lattes.cnpq.br/ http://www.fapesp.br http://fapemig.br/pt/ https://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/ http://www.ita.br https://www.aaas.org http://www.nasonline.org https://www.ieee.org http://www.abc.org.br http://www.anm.org.br http://www.fm.usp.br/fmusp/portal/ https://www.hc.fm.usp.br http://fm.usp.br/posgrad/portal/ http://www.hospitaldebase.com.br https://www.nih.gov https://www.jax.org https://www.infoplease.com/nobel-prize-history-0 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes/ https://www.gatesnotes.com
http://www.forbes.com https://exame.abril.com.br http://www.wordpress.com https://www.gov.br/pt-br https://www.internetsociety.org https://redeglobo.globo.com https://www.sbt.com.br https://recordtv.r7.com https://www.band.uol.com.br https://www.bloomberg.com https://www.bloomberg.com.br http://www.uftm.edu http://www.famerp.br http://www.reading.ac.uk/ https://www.manchester.ac.uk https://www5.usp.br https://www2.ufscar.br http://portal.uel.br/home/ https://www.pucsp.br/home https://www.microsoft.com/pt-br https://products.office.com/pt-br/home https://ufrj.br
https://public.tableau.com/profile/priyanka.dobhal0993#!/vizhome/BigBangTheoryHowengagedweretheusers/BigBangTheory https://www.darpa.mil
https://www.wikipedia.org https://www.timeshighereducation.com
http://www.facebook.com http://www.google.com http://www.gmail.com http://www.yahoo.com http://www.bol.com.br http://www.harvard.edu http://www.mit.edu http://www.caltech.edu http://www.ucla.edu http://www.nasa.gov http://www.nobelprize.org https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020










































PubMed
US National Library of MedicineNational Institutes of HealthSearch databasePubMedPMCAll DatabasesAssemblyBiocollectionsBioProjectBioSampleBioSystemsBooksClinVarConserved DomainsdbGaPdbVarGeneGenomeGEO DataSetsGEO ProfilesGTRHomoloGeneIdentical Protein GroupsMedGenMeSHNCBI Web SiteNLM CatalogNucleotideOMIMPMCPopSetProbeProteinProtein ClustersPubChem BioAssayPubChem CompoundPubChem SubstancePubMedSNPSparcleSRAStructureTaxonomyToolKitToolKitAllToolKitBookghSearch term

Search
Result Filters
Send to
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jun 20;20(12). pii: E3011. doi: 10.3390/ijms20123011.
Recent Advances in Models, Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Interventions in Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury.
Holditch SJ1, Brown CN2, Lombardi AM3, Nguyen KN4, Edelstein CL5.
Author information
1Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado at Denver, Box C281, 12700 East, 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. sara.holditch@ucdenver.edu.2Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado at Denver, Box C281, 12700 East, 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. CAROLYN.N.BROWN@UCDENVER.EDU.3Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado at Denver, Box C281, 12700 East, 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. anlo5057@colorado.edu.4Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado at Denver, Box C281, 12700 East, 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. KHOA.N.NGUYEN@UCDENVER.EDU.5Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado at Denver, Box C281, 12700 East, 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. Charles.edelstein@ucdenver.edu.
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent used to treat solid tumours, such as ovarian, head and neck, and testicular germ cell. A known complication of cisplatin administration is acute kidney injury (AKI). The development of effective tumour interventions with reduced nephrotoxicity relies heavily on understanding the molecular pathophysiology of cisplatin-induced AKI. Rodent models have provided mechanistic insight into the pathophysiology of cisplatin-induced AKI. In the subsequent review, we provide a detailed discussion of recent advances in the cisplatin-induced AKI phenotype, principal mechanistic findings of injury and therapy, and pre-clinical use of AKI rodent models. Cisplatin-induced AKI murine models faithfully develop gross manifestations of clinical AKI such as decreased kidney function, increased expression of tubular injury biomarkers, and tubular injury evident by histology. Pathways involved in AKI include apoptosis, necrosis, inflammation, and increased oxidative stress, ultimately providing a translational platform for testing the therapeutic efficacy of potential interventions. This review provides a discussion of the foundation laid by cisplatin-induced AKI rodent models for our current understanding of AKI molecular pathophysiology.
KEYWORDS:
AKI; acute kidney injury; apoptosis; cisplatin; inflammation; oxidative stressPMID: 31226747 PMCID: PMC6627318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123011Free PMC Article
- Share on Facebook
- Share on Twitter
- Share on Google+
Images from this publication.See all images (1)Free text

Publication type, Grant support
LinkOut – more resources
Supplemental Content
Full text links

Save items
Similar articles
- Review Pathophysiology of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury.[Biomed Res Int. 2014]
- Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor teneligliptin accelerates recovery from cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by attenuating inflammation and promoting tubular regeneration.[Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019]
- The leukotriene B<sub>4</sub>-leukotriene B<sub>4</sub> receptor axis promotes cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by modulating neutrophil recruitment.[Kidney Int. 2017]
- Blockade of histone deacetylase 6 protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury.[Clin Sci (Lond). 2018]
- Review Developing better mouse models to study cisplatin-induced kidney injury.[Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2017]
Related information
Recent Activity
- Recent Advances in Models, Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Interventions in Cisplati…PubMed
- Modeling metastasis in the mouse.PubMed
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Models in Cancer Research
- Small mammalian animal models of heart disease
- Animal models of coronary heart disease
See more…You are here: NCBI > Literature > PubMedSupport Center
Simple NCBI Directory
- RESOURCES
- Chemicals & Bioassays
- Data & Software
- DNA & RNA
- Domains & Structures
- Genes & Expression
- Genetics & Medicine
- Genomes & Maps
- Homology
- Literature
- Proteins
- Sequence Analysis
- Taxonomy
- Variation
- FEATURED
- Genetic Testing Registry
- GenBank
- Reference Sequences
- Gene Expression Omnibus
- Genome Data Viewer
- Human Genome
- Mouse Genome
- Influenza Virus
- Primer-BLAST
- Sequence Read Archive
- NCBI INFORMATION
- About NCBI
- Research at NCBI
- NCBI News & Blog
- NCBI FTP Site
- NCBI on Facebook
- NCBI on Twitter
- NCBI on YouTube
- Privacy Policy
National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USAPolicies and Guidelines | Contact
SKIP TO MAIN CONTENTSubscribeLatest IssuesScientific American
- Cart 0
- Sign In
- |Stay Informed
Search
Scientists Demonstrate Direct Brain-to-Brain Communication in Humans
Work on an “Internet of brains” takes another step
- By Robert Martone on October 29, 2019

We humans have evolved a rich repertoire of communication, from gesture to sophisticated languages. All of these forms of communication link otherwise separate individuals in such a way that they can share and express their singular experiences and work together collaboratively. In a new study, technology replaces language as a means of communicating by directly linking the activity of human brains. Electrical activity from the brains of a pair of human subjects was transmitted to the brain of a third individual in the form of magnetic signals, which conveyed an instruction to perform a task in a particular manner. This study opens the door to extraordinary new means of human collaboration while, at the same time, blurring fundamental notions about individual identity and autonomy in disconcerting ways.
Direct brain-to-brain communication has been a subject of intense interest for many years, driven by motives as diverse as futurist enthusiasm and military exigency. In his book Beyond Boundaries one of the leaders in the field, Miguel Nicolelis, described the merging of human brain activity as the future of humanity, the next stage in our species’ evolution. (Nicolelis serves on Scientific American’s board of advisers.) He has already conducted a study in which he linked together the brains of several rats using complex implanted electrodes known as brain-to-brain interfaces. Nicolelis and his co-authors described this achievement as the first “organic computer” with living brains tethered together as if they were so many microprocessors. The animals in this network learned to synchronize the electrical activity of their nerve cells to the same extent as those in a single brain. The networked brains were tested for things such as their ability to discriminate between two different patterns of electrical stimuli, and they routinely outperformed individual animals.
If networked rat brains are “smarter” than a single animal, imagine the capabilities of a biological supercomputer of networked human brains. Such a network could enable people to work across language barriers. It could provide those whose ability to communicate is impaired with a new means of doing so. Moreover, if the rat study is correct, networking human brains might enhance performance. Could such a network be a faster, more efficient and smarter way of working together?ADVERTISEMENT
The new paper addressed some of these questions by linking together the brain activity of a small network of humans. Three individuals sitting in separate rooms collaborated to correctly orient a block so that it could fill a gap between other blocks in a video game. Two individuals who acted as “senders” could see the gap and knew whether the block needed to be rotated to fit. The third individual, who served as the “receiver,” was blinded to the correct answer and needed to rely on the instructions sent by the senders.
The two senders were equipped with electroencephalographs (EEGs) that recorded their brain’s electrical activity. Senders were able to see the orientation of the block and decide whether to signal the receiver to rotate it. They focused on a light flashing at a high frequency to convey the instruction to rotate or focused on one flashing at a low frequency to signal not to do so. The differences in the flashing frequencies caused disparate brain responses in the senders, which were captured by the EEGs and sent, via computer interface, to the receiver. A magnetic pulse was delivered to the receiver using a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) device if a sender signaled to rotate. That magnetic pulse caused a flash of light (a phosphene) in the receiver’s visual field as a cue to turn the block. The absence of a signal within a discrete period of time was the instruction not to turn the block.
After gathering instructions from both senders, the receiver decided whether to rotate the block. Like the senders, the receiver was equipped with an EEG, in this case to signal that choice to the computer. Once the receiver decided on the orientation of the block, the game concluded, and the results were given to all three participants. This provided the senders with a chance to evaluate the receiver’s actions and the receiver with a chance to assess the accuracy of each sender.
The team was then given a second chance to improve its performance. Overall, five groups of individuals were tested using this network, called the “BrainNet,” and, on average, they achieved greater than 80 percent accuracy in completing the task.
In order to escalate the challenge, investigators sometimes added noise to the signal sent by one of the senders. Faced with conflicting or ambiguous directions, the receivers quickly learned to identify and follow the instructions of the more accurate sender. This process emulated some of the features of “conventional” social networks, according to the report.ADVERTISEMENT
This study is a natural extension of work previously done in laboratory animals. In addition to the work linking together rat brains, Nicolelis’s laboratory is responsible for linking multiple primate brains into a “Brainet” (not to be confused with the BrainNet discussed above), in which the primates learned to cooperate in the performance of a common task via brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). This time, three primates were connected to the same computer with implanted BCIs and simultaneously tried to move a cursor to a target. The animals were not directly linked to each other in this case, and the challenge was for them to perform a feat of parallel processing, each directing its activity toward a goal while continuously compensating for the activity of the others.
Brain-to-brain interfaces also span across species, with humans using noninvasive methods similar to those in the BrainNet study to control cockroaches or rats that had surgically implanted brain interfaces. In one report, a human using a noninvasive brain interface linked, via computer, to the BCI of an anesthetized rat was able to move the animal’s tail. While in another study, a human controlled a rat as a freely moving cyborg.
The investigators in the new paper point out that it is the first report in which the brains of multiple humans have been linked in a completely noninvasive manner. They claim that the number of individuals whose brains could be networked is essentially unlimited. Yet the information being conveyed is currently very simple: a yes-or-no binary instruction. Other than being a very complex way to play a Tetris-like video game, where could these efforts lead?

The authors propose that information transfer using noninvasive approaches could be improved by simultaneously imaging brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in order to increase the information a sender could transmit. But fMRI is not a simple procedure, and it would expand the complexity of an already extraordinarily complex approach to sharing information. The researchers also propose that TMS could be delivered, in a focused manner, to specific brain regions in order to elicit awareness of particular semantic content in the receiver’s brain.
Meanwhile the tools for more invasive—and perhaps more efficient—brain interfacing are developing rapidly. Elon Musk recently announced the development of a robotically implantable BCI containing 3,000 electrodes to provide extensive interaction between computers and nerve cells in the brain. While impressive in scope and sophistication, these efforts are dwarfed by government plans. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has been leading engineering efforts to develop an implantable neural interface capable of engaging one million nerve cells simultaneously. While these BCIs are not being developed specifically for brain–to-brain interfacing, it is not difficult to imagine that they could be recruited for such purposes.ADVERTISEMENT
Even though the methods used here are noninvasive and therefore appear far less ominous than if a DARPA neural interface had been used, the technology still raises ethical concerns, particularly because the associated technologies are advancing so rapidly. For example, could some future embodiment of a brain-to-brain network enable a sender to have a coercive effect on a receiver, altering the latter’s sense of agency? Could a brain recording from a sender contain information that might someday be extracted and infringe on that person’s privacy? Could these efforts, at some point, compromise an individual’s sense of personhood?
This work takes us a step closer to the future Nicolelis imagined, in which, in the words of the late Nobel Prize–winning physicist Murray Gell-Man, “thoughts and feelings would be completely shared with none of the selectivity or deception that language permits.”In addition to being somewhat voyeuristic in this pursuit of complete openness, Nicolelis misses the point. One of the nuances of human language is that often what is not said is as important as what is. The content concealed in privacy of one’s mind is the core of individual autonomy. Whatever we stand to gain in collaboration or computing power by directly linking brains may come at the cost of things that are far more important.Rights & Permissions
Are you a scientist who specializes in neuroscience, cognitive science, or psychology? And have you read a recent peer-reviewed paper that you would like to write about? Please send suggestions to Mind Matters editor Gareth Cook. Gareth, a Pulitzer prize-winning journalist, is the series editor of Best American Infographics and can be reached at garethideas AT gmail.com or Twitter @garethideas.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)
Robert Martone
Robert Martone is a research scientist with expertise in neurodegeneration. He spends his free time kayaking and translating Renaissance Italian literature.
Recent Articles
- New Clues Found in Understanding Near-Death Experiences
- A Successful Artificial Memory Has Been Created
- Early Life Experience: It’s in Your DNA
READ THIS NEXT
POLICY & ETHICSFacebook Vows Strict Privacy Safeguards as it Rolls Out Preventive-Health Tool2 hours ago — Rebecca Robbins and STATPOLICY & ETHICSCalifornia Investigates Blackouts as New Fires Flare2 hours ago — Anne C. Mulkern, Peter Behr and E&E NewsBEHAVIOR & SOCIETYYour Brain on Google Maps6 hours ago — Zeynep TufekciNEUROSCIENCEScientists Demonstrate Direct Brain-to-Brain Communication in Humans7 hours ago — Robert MartonePOLICY & ETHICSWe’re Incentivizing Bad Science
8 hours ago — James Zimring | OpinionCOGNITIONCrabs Do a Maze16 hours ago — Christopher IntagliataADVERTISEMENT
NEWSLETTER
Get smart. Sign up for our email newsletter.
From Genius to Madness
Discover new insights into neuroscience, human behavior and mental health with Scientific American Mind.Subscribe Now!

FOLLOW US
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ARABICالعربية
Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www.springernature.com/us). Scientific American maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers.
© 2019 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, A DIVISION OF SPRINGER NATURE AMERICA, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.SCROLL TO TOP
Like!! Great article post.Really thank you! Really Cool.
LikeLike
Thank you for your entire efforts on this site. Ellie enjoys setting aside time for investigations and it’s really simple to grasp why. My partner and i learn all about the lively medium you create functional guidance via this website and in addition boost contribution from visitors on this idea then our favorite child is understanding a lot of things. Take advantage of the rest of the year. You are always carrying out a splendid job.
LikeLike
Tween music was created to be airy and lacking just about any virtue.
It is inexpensive make use of is a really good little souvenir for a show an individual gets to get one.
Called Black Cards, they’re way down from the bill. http://gratefullibs.dead.net/mad-libs/online-casino-blackjack-strategies
LikeLike
Tween music was created to be airy and lacking just about any virtue.
It is inexpensive make use of is a really good little souvenir for a show an individual gets
to get one. Called Black Cards, they’re way down from the bill. http://gratefullibs.dead.net/mad-libs/online-casino-blackjack-strategies
LikeLike
Pretty component of content. I just stumbled upon your blog and in accession capital to say
that I acquire in fact loved account your weblog posts.
Anyway I will be subscribing on your augment and even I success you
access constantly rapidly.
LikeLike
Levitra Aus Holland [url=https://apcialisle.com/#]Cialis[/url] Rivagroup Baclofen Cialis Pastiglie Cialis
LikeLike
Amoxicillin Sensitive Enterococcus [url=https://apcialisle.com/#]Cialis[/url] Acquistare Finasteride Propecia Generico Cialis Cytotec Sans Ordonnance Pharmacie
LikeLike
Professional quality private proxies, Unlimited bandwidth, 1000 mb/s superspeed, 99,9 uptime, Non continuous IP’s, Not any consumption standards, A number of subnets, USA and also The european union proxies – Invest in Today – DreamProxies.com
LikeLike
I am really loving the theme/design of your weblog. Do you ever run into any internet browser compatibility issues? A handful of my blog visitors have complained about my site not working correctly in Explorer but looks great in Chrome. Do you have any recommendations to help fix this issue?
LikeLike
Never a cost for free android vpn servers: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.rns.buddyvpnprov
LikeLike
woh I am delighted to find this website through google.
LikeLike
I really like and appreciate your blog post.
LikeLike
I really like and appreciate your blog post.
LikeLike
I used to be able to find good advice from your blog articles.
LikeLike
A wonderful article that I have shared. How did I make my child love to read: https://bit.ly/2VxFhqh
LikeLike
I used to be able to find good info from your content.
LikeLike
Kamagra Oral Jelly Acheter [url=https://viacialisns.com/#]buying cialis online usa[/url] Precio De La Propecia buying cialis generic Buy Alli Orlistat Online Us Pharmacy
LikeLike
Buy Viagra With No Prescription [url=https://buyciallisonline.com/#]Cialis[/url] Buy Wellbutrin Xl Online Uk Cialis Buy 250mg Amoxicillin Online
LikeLike
Hello, I think your site might be having browser compatibility issues. When I look at your website in Chrome, it looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping. I just wanted to give you a quick heads up! Other then that, awesome blog!
LikeLike
The very root of your writing while appearing agreeable initially, did not sit very well with me personally after some time. Somewhere throughout the paragraphs you actually managed to make me a believer but just for a while. I nevertheless have got a problem with your leaps in assumptions and you would do nicely to fill in all those breaks. When you actually can accomplish that, I would surely be amazed.
LikeLike
Hey there this is kinda of off topic but I was wondering if blogs use WYSIWYG editors or if you have to manually code with HTML. I’m starting a blog soon but have no coding knowledge so I wanted to get guidance from someone with experience. Any help would be greatly appreciated!
LikeLike
Hi, Neat post. There’s an issue with your website in internet explorer, could check this? IE nonetheless will be the market chief and a sizable part of folks will leave out your magnificent writing because of this concern.
LikeLike
Great blog! Are you experiencing any suggestions for aspiring writers? I’m hoping to begin my own site soon but I’m a little lost on everything. Could you recommend beginning from a totally free platform like WordPress or choose a paid option? There are numerous choices around that I’m totally overwhelmed .. Any tips? Cheers!
LikeLike
Ahaa, its pleasant discussion concerning this article here at this blog, We have read everything, so at this point me also commenting around this place.
LikeLike
Thanks for the good writeup. It in reality was a amusement account it. Look advanced to more added agreeable from you! However, how could we communicate?
LikeLike
Thank you a lot for sharing this with all of us you really know what you are speaking about! Bookmarked. Kindly also consult with my web site =). We could have a hyperlink change contract between us
LikeLike
Hi, I really do think your web site may possibly be having browser compatibility issues. As I have a look at your site in Safari, it looks fine however, when opening in Internet Explorer, it’s got some overlapping issues. I simply planned to offer you a quick heads up! Furthermore, fantastic site!
LikeLike
You must take part in a competition for starters of the finest sites on the net. I will strongly suggest this website!
LikeLike
Hi there, after reading this amazing paragraph i am as well delighted to share my knowledge here with friends.
LikeLike
It can be truly a great and useful bit of information. I’m glad that you shared this helpful information along with us. Please stay us informed such as this. Thanks for sharing.
LikeLike
You possess made some excellent points there. I looked online for more information about the issue and found
most people goes together with your views on this internet site.
Also visit my website – Electric Cooker Hamilton Beach
LikeLike
Hello, Neat post. There is certainly an issue along with your website in internet explorer, could test this?
IE nonetheless is definitely the marketplace chief and a huge component to folks will pass over your wonderful
writing because of this concern.
Also visit my homepage :: LelaTRathman
LikeLike
I love looking through a post that can make people think. Also, many thanks for permitting me to comment!
LikeLike
Unquestionably think that that you stated. Your favorite reason seemed to
be about the internet the simplest thing to pay attention to.
I only say to you personally, I definitely get irked while people consider worries which they just will not know
about. You was able to hit the nail upon the very best and defined out everything with out unwanted effect
, people can go on a signal. Will probably be back to obtain additional.
Thanks
Also visit my homepage … Premium Electric Cooker Porridge
LikeLike
Excellent blog! Do you have any suggestions for aspiring writers?
I’m hoping to get started on my very own blog soon but I’m a little bit lost on everything.
Would you propose beginning from a no cost platform like WordPress or get a
paid option? There are plenty of choices available that I’m completely overwhelmed ..
Any tips? Thanks!
Here is my web site – DeboraIWerle
LikeLike
It is in reality a nice and helpful piece of info. I am satisfied
that you shared this helpful info with us.
Please keep us up to date like this. Thanks for sharing.
LikeLike
Hi! I’m a Japanese Single Mom living in PHONEIX, I found your article to be soooo Usefull!
LikeLike
Hi! I’m a Australian Single Mom living in Philadelphia, I found your article to be soooo Usefull!
LikeLike