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Pathol Res Pract. 2012 Jul 15;208(7):377-81. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.04.006. Epub 2012 Jun 8.
The influence of physical activity in the progression of experimental lung cancer in mice
Renato Batista Paceli 1, Rodrigo Nunes Cal, Carlos Henrique Ferreira dos Santos, José Antonio Cordeiro, Cassiano Merussi Neiva, Kazuo Kawano Nagamine, Patrícia Maluf Cury
- PMID: 22683274
- DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.04.006
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GRUPO_AF1 – GROUP AFA1 – Aerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Aeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
GRUPO AFAN 1 – GROUP AFAN1 – Anaerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Anaeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
GRUPO_AF2 – GROUP AFA2 – Aerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Aeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
GRUPO AFAN 2 – GROUP AFAN 2 – Anaerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Anaeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
Slides – mestrado – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
CARCINÓGENO DMBA EM MODELOS EXPERIMENTAIS
DMBA CARCINOGEN IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS
Avaliação da influência da atividade física aeróbia e anaeróbia na progressão do câncer de pulmão experimental – Summary – Resumo – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22683274/
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most incident neoplasms in the world, representing the main cause of mortality for cancer. Many epidemiologic studies have suggested that physical activity may reduce the risk of lung cancer, other works evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the physical activity in the suppression, remission and reduction of the recurrence of tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic and anaerobic physical activity in the development and the progression of lung cancer. Lung tumors were induced with a dose of 3mg of urethane/kg, in 67 male Balb – C type mice, divided in three groups: group 1_24 mice treated with urethane and without physical activity; group 2_25 mice with urethane and subjected to aerobic swimming free exercise; group 3_18 mice with urethane, subjected to anaerobic swimming exercise with gradual loading 5-20% of body weight. All the animals were sacrificed after 20 weeks, and lung lesions were analyzed. The median number of lesions (nodules and hyperplasia) was 3.0 for group 1, 2.0 for group 2 and 1.5-3 (p=0.052). When comparing only the presence or absence of lesion, there was a decrease in the number of lesions in group 3 as compared with group 1 (p=0.03) but not in relation to group 2. There were no metastases or other changes in other organs. The anaerobic physical activity, but not aerobic, diminishes the incidence of experimental lung tumors.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.Mestrado – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Tabelas, Figuras e Gráficos – Tables, Figures and Graphics – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto BaixarRedefine Statistical SignificanceBaixar
´´We propose to change the default P-value threshold for statistical significance from 0.05 to 0.005 for claims of new discoveries.´´ https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-017-0189-z Published: Daniel J. Benjamin, James O. Berger, […]Valen E. Johnson Nature Human Behaviour volume 2, pages6–10 (2018)
Um mundo além de p < 0,05 « Sandra Merlo – Fonoaudiologia da Fluência
Article – ´´My´´ dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
My suggestion of a very important Project…
A Psicossomática Psicanalítica – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
ÁCIDO HIALURÔNICO – HIALURONIC ACID – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
Slides – Mestrado final – ´´My´´ dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
O Homem como Sujeito da Realidade da Saúde – Redação – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
Aula_Resultados – Results – FAMERP – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
As credenciais da ciência – The credentials of Science – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto BaixarFrases que digitei – Phrases I typed
Frases que digitei – Tecnologia – Informations about blog I did
Keynote-The-Future-of-Space-Exploration(1)
Nanomedicine an evolving research (Opinion article I typed)
journal-of-nanomedicine–nanotechnology-flyer
Will you embrace AI fast enough
MICROBIOLOGIA – MICROBIOLOGY – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
Genes e Epilepsia – Genes and epilepsy – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
BIOGRAFIA – BIOGRAPH – DR. DOMINGO MARCOLINO BRAILE
redefine-statistical-significance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_network
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RTQUESTION MORELIVE09:09 GMT, Dec 31, 2019
Quantum internet is near? Scientists ‘teleport’ data between chips for the first time
29 Dec, 2019 05:57 / Updated 2 days agoGet short URL
Conceptual artwork on quantum computing. © Getty Images / VICTOR HABBICK VISIONS
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Filling up your computer with cat pictures and memes through the quantum internet is apparently one step closer, as scientists managed to instantly “teleport” data between two chips that are not connected for the very first time.
Quantum computers are the dream of modern physics as they could solve problems that are too difficult for today’s most powerful supercomputers, but creating them requires learning how to manage the elusive quantum particles, which are smaller than atoms.
Scientists from the University of Bristol and the Technical University of Denmark have created “chip-scale devices” that are able to utilize quantum physics to manipulate single particles of light. The team’s findings have been published in the journal Nature Physics.
In one of the experiments with the chips, described as a “breakthrough,” the researchers were able to demonstrate “the quantum teleportation of information” between two programmable devices for the very first time using a physical process known as “quantum entanglement.”ALSO ON RT.COMGhost post! Google creates world’s most powerful computer, NASA ‘accidentally reveals’ …and then publication vanishes
This is a phenomenon in which two or more particles have a similar state, and a change in one means a change in another and the distance between the two is irrelevant.
“We were able to demonstrate a high-quality entanglement link across two chips in the lab, where photons on either chip share a single quantum state,” research co-author Dan Llewellyn said.
The flagship demonstration was a two-chip teleportation experiment, whereby the individual quantum state of a particle is transmitted across the two chips after a quantum measurement is performed. This measurement utilizes the strange behavior of quantum physics, which simultaneously collapses the entanglement link and transfers the particle state to another particle already on the receiver chip.
The scientists were also able to create a more complex circuit of four sources – and all of them turned out to be “nearly identical” thanks to the aforementioned entanglement. All in all, the team had a 91 percent success rate in getting the particles ‘teleported’ – which is a very solid result, according to the researchers.
The ability to create and maintain reliable quantum circuits is the key to creating more complex devices, and, ultimately, quantum communication systems and networks able to interact with conventional electronics.
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Quantum network
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchThis article is about the implementation and operation of quantum networks. For a mathematical description of quantum communication channels, see Quantum channel.
Quantum networks form an important element of quantum computing and quantum communication systems. Quantum networks facilitate the transmission of information in the form of quantum bits, also called qubits, between physically separated quantum processors. A quantum processor is a small quantum computer being able to perform quantum logic gates on a certain number of qubits. Quantum networks work in a similar way to classical networks. The main difference, as will be detailed more in later paragraphs, is that quantum networking like quantum computing is better at solving certain problems, such as modeling quantum systems.
Contents
- 1Basics
- 2Elements of a quantum network
- 3Applications
- 4Current status
- 5See also
- 6References
- 7External links
Basics[edit]
Quantum networks for computation[edit]
Networked quantum computing or distributed quantum computing[1][2] works by linking multiple quantum processors through a quantum network by sending qubits in-between them. Doing this creates a quantum computing cluster and therefore creates more computing potential. Less powerful computers can be linked in this way to create one more powerful processor. This is analogous to connecting several classical computers to form a computer cluster in classical computing. Like classical computing this system is scale-able by adding more and more quantum computers to the network. Currently quantum processors are only separated by short distances.
Quantum networks for communication[edit]
In the realm of quantum communication, one wants to send qubits from one quantum processor to another over long distances. This way local quantum networks can be intra connected into a quantum internet. A quantum internet[1] supports many applications, which derive their power from the fact that by creating quantum entangled qubits, information can be transmitted between the remote quantum processors. Most applications of a quantum internet require only very modest quantum processors. For most quantum internet protocols, such as quantum key distribution in quantum cryptography, it is sufficient if these processors are capable of preparing and measuring only a single qubit at a time. This is in contrast to quantum computing where interesting applications can only be realized if the (combined) quantum processors can easily simulate more qubits than a classical computer (around 60[3]). Quantum internet applications require only small quantum processors, often just a single qubit, because quantum entanglement can already be realized between just two qubits. A simulation of an entangled quantum system on a classical computer can not simultaneously provide the same security and speed.
Overview of the elements of a quantum network[edit]
The basic structure of a quantum network and more generally a quantum internet is analogous to a classical network. First, we have end nodes on which applications are ultimately run. These end nodes are quantum processors of at least one qubit. Some applications of a quantum internet require quantum processors of several qubits as well as a quantum memory at the end nodes.
Second, to transport qubits from one node to another, we need communication lines. For the purpose of quantum communication, standard telecom fibers can be used. For networked quantum computing, in which quantum processors are linked at short distances, different wavelengths are chosen depending on the exact hardware platform of the quantum processor.
Third, to make maximum use of communication infrastructure, one requires optical switches capable of delivering qubits to the intended quantum processor. These switches need to preserve quantum coherence, which makes them more challenging to realize than standard optical switches.
Finally, one requires a quantum repeater to transport qubits over long distances. Repeaters appear in-between end nodes.[4] Since qubits cannot be copied, classical signal amplification is not possible. By necessity, a quantum repeater works in a fundamentally different way than a classical repeater.
Elements of a quantum network[edit]
End nodes: quantum processors[edit]
End nodes can both receive and emit information.[4] Telecommunication lasers and parametric down-conversion combined with photodetectors can be used for quantum key distribution. In this case, the end nodes can in many cases be very simple devices consisting only of beamsplitters and photodetectors.
However, for many protocols more sophisticated end nodes are desirable. These systems provide advanced processing capabilities and can also be used as quantum repeaters. Their chief advantage is that they can store and retransmit quantum information without disrupting the underlying quantum state. The quantum state being stored can either be the relative spin of an electron in a magnetic field or the energy state of an electron.[4] They can also perform quantum logic gates.
One way of realizing such end nodes is by using color centers in diamond, such as the nitrogen-vacancy center. This system forms a small quantum processor featuring several qubits. NV centers can be utilized at room temperatures.[4] Small scale quantum algorithms and quantum error correction[5] has already been demonstrated in this system, as well as the ability to entangle two remote[6] quantum processors, and perform deterministic quantum teleportation.[7]
Another possible platform are quantum processors based on Ion traps, which utilize radio-frequency magnetic fields and lasers.[4] In a multispecies trapped-ion node network, photons entangled with a parent atom are used to entangle different nodes.[8] Also, cavity quantum electrodynamics (Cavity QED) is one possible method of doing this. In Cavity QED, photonic quantum states can be transferred to and from atomic quantum states stored in single atoms contained in optical cavities. This allows for the transfer of quantum states between single atoms using optical fiber in addition to the creation of remote entanglement between distant atoms.[4][9][10]
Communication lines: physical layer[edit]
Over long distances, the primary method of operating quantum networks is to use optical networks and photon-based qubits. This is due to optical networks having a reduced chance of decoherence. Optical networks have the advantage of being able to re-use existing optical fiber. Alternately, free space networks can be implemented that transmit quantum information through the atmosphere or through a vacuum.[11]
Fiber optic networks[edit]
Optical networks using existing telecommunication fiber can be implemented using hardware similar to existing telecommunication equipment. This fiber can be either single-mode or multi-mode, with multi-mode allowing for more precise communication.[4] At the sender, a single photon source can be created by heavily attenuating a standard telecommunication laser such that the mean number of photons per pulse is less than 1. For receiving, an avalanche photodetector can be used. Various methods of phase or polarization control can be used such as interferometers and beam splitters. In the case of entanglement based protocols, entangled photons can be generated through spontaneous parametric down-conversion. In both cases, the telecom fiber can be multiplexed to send non-quantum timing and control signals.
Free space networks[edit]
Free space quantum networks operate similar to fiber optic networks but rely on line of sight between the communicating parties instead of using a fiber optic connection. Free space networks can typically support higher transmission rates than fiber optic networks and do not have to account for polarization scrambling caused by optical fiber.[12] However, over long distances, free space communication is subject to an increased chance of environmental disturbance on the photons.[4]
Importantly, free space communication is also possible from a satellite to the ground. A quantum satellite capable of entanglement distribution over a distance of 1,203 km[13] has been demonstrated. The experimental exchange of single photons from a global navigation satellite system at a slant distance of 20,000 km has also been reported.[14] These satellites can play an important role in linking smaller ground-based networks over larger distances.
Repeaters[edit]
Long distance communication is hindered by the effects of signal loss and decoherence inherent to most transport mediums such as optical fiber. In classical communication, amplifiers can be used to boost the signal during transmission, but in a quantum network amplifiers cannot be used since qubits cannot be copied – known as the no-cloning theorem. That is, to implement an amplifier, the complete state of the flying qubit would need to be determined, something which is both unwanted and impossible.
Trusted repeaters[edit]
An intermediary step which allows the testing of communication infrastructure are trusted repeaters. Importantly, a trusted repeater cannot be used to transmit qubits over long distances. Instead, a trusted repeater can only be used to perform quantum key distribution with the additional assumption that the repeater is trusted. Consider two end nodes A and B, and a trusted repeater R in the middle. A and R now perform quantum key distribution to generate a key {\displaystyle k_{AR}}. Similarly, R and B run quantum key distribution to generate a key {\displaystyle k_{RB}}
. A and B can now obtain a key {\displaystyle k_{AB}}
between themselves as follows: A sends {\displaystyle k_{AB}}
to R encrypted with the key {\displaystyle k_{AR}}
. R decrypts to obtain {\displaystyle k_{AB}}
. R then re-encrypts {\displaystyle k_{AB}}
using the key {\displaystyle k_{RB}}
and sends it to B. B decrypts to obtain {\displaystyle k_{AB}}
. A and B now share the key {\displaystyle k_{AB}}
. The key is secure from an outside eavesdropper, but clearly the repeater R also knows {\displaystyle k_{AB}}
. This means that any subsequent communication between A and B does not provide end to end security, but is only secure as long as A and B trust the repeater R.
Quantum repeaters[edit]
Diagram for quantum teleportation of a photon
A true quantum repeater allows the end to end generation of quantum entanglement, and thus – by using quantum teleportation – the end to end transmission of qubits. In quantum key distribution protocols one can test for such entanglement. This means that when making encryption keys, the sender and receiver are secure even if they do not trust the quantum repeater. Any other application of a quantum internet also requires the end to end transmission of qubits, and thus a quantum repeater.
Quantum repeaters allow entanglement and can be established at distant nodes without physically sending an entangled qubit the entire distance.[15]
In this case, the quantum network consists of many short distance links of perhaps tens or hundreds of kilometers. In the simplest case of a single repeater, two pairs of entangled qubits are established: {\displaystyle |A\rangle } and {\displaystyle |R_{a}\rangle }
located at the sender and the repeater, and a second pair {\displaystyle |R_{b}\rangle }
and {\displaystyle |B\rangle }
located at the repeater and the receiver. These initial entangled qubits can be easily created, for example through parametric down conversion, with one qubit physically transmitted to an adjacent node. At this point, the repeater can perform a bell measurement on the qubits {\displaystyle |R_{a}\rangle }
and {\displaystyle |R_{b}\rangle }
thus teleporting the quantum state of {\displaystyle |R_{a}\rangle }
onto {\displaystyle |B\rangle }
. This has the effect of “swapping” the entanglement such that {\displaystyle |A\rangle }
and {\displaystyle |B\rangle }
are now entangled at a distance twice that of the initial entangled pairs. It can be seen that a network of such repeaters can be used linearly or in a hierarchical fashion to establish entanglement over great distances.[16]
Hardware platforms suitable as end nodes above can also function as quantum repeaters. However, there are also hardware platforms specific only[17] to the task of acting as a repeater, without the capabilities of performing quantum gates.
Error correction[edit]
Main article: Quantum error correction
Error correction can be used in quantum repeaters. Due to technological limitations, however, the applicability is limited to very short distances as quantum error correction schemes capable of protecting qubits over long distances would require an extremely large amount of qubits and hence extremely large quantum computers.
Errors in communication can be broadly classified into two types: Loss errors (due to optical fiber/environment) and operation errors (such as depolarization, dephasing etc.). While redundancy can be used to detect and correct classical errors, redundant qubits cannot be created due to the no-cloning theorem. As a result, other types of error correction must be introduced such as the Shor code or one of a number of more general and efficient codes. All of these codes work by distributing the quantum information across multiple entangled qubits so that operation errors as well as loss errors can be corrected.[18]
In addition to quantum error correction, classical error correction can be employed by quantum networks in special cases such as quantum key distribution. In these cases, the goal of the quantum communication is to securely transmit a string of classical bits. Traditional error correction codes such as Hamming codes can be applied to the bit string before encoding and transmission on the quantum network.
Entanglement purification[edit]
Main article: Entanglement distillation
Quantum decoherence can occur when one qubit from a maximally entangled bell state is transmitted across a quantum network. Entanglement purification allows for the creation of nearly maximally entangled qubits from a large number of arbitrary weakly entangled qubits, and thus provides additional protection against errors. Entanglement purification (also known as Entanglement distillation) has already been demonstrated in Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond.[19]
Applications[edit]
A quantum internet supports numerous applications, enabled by quantum entanglement. In general, quantum entanglement is well suited for tasks that require coordination, synchronization or privacy.
Examples of such applications include quantum key distribution,[20][21] clock synchronization,[22] protocols for distributed system problems such as leader election or byzantine agreement,[4] extending the baseline of telescopes,[23][24] as well as position verification, secure identification and two-party cryptography in the noisy-storage model. A quantum internet also enables secure access to a quantum computer[25] in the cloud. Specifically, a quantum internet enables very simple quantum devices to connect to a remote quantum computer in such a way that computations can be performed there without the quantum computer finding out what this computation actually is (the input and output quantum states can not be measured without destroying the computation, but the circuit composition used for the calculation will be known).
Secure communications[edit]
When it comes to communicating in any form the largest issue has always been keeping your communications private.[26] From when couriers were used to send letters between ancient battle commanders to secure radio communications that exist today the main purpose is to ensure that what a sender sends out to the receiver reaches the receiver unmolested. This is an area in which Quantum Networks particularly excel. By applying a quantum operator that the user selects to a system of information the information can then be sent to the receiver without a chance of an eavesdropper being able to accurately be able to record the sent information without either the sender or receiver knowing. This works because if a listener tries to listen in then they will change the information in an unintended way by listening thereby tipping their hand to the people on whom they are attacking. Secondly, without the proper quantum operator to decode the information they will corrupt the sent information without being able to use it themselves.
Current status[edit]
Quantum internet[edit]
At present, there is no network connecting quantum processors, or quantum repeaters deployed outside a lab.
Quantum key distribution networks[edit]
Several test networks have been deployed that are tailored to the task of quantum key distribution either at short distances (but connecting many users), or over larger distances by relying on trusted repeaters. These networks do not yet allow for the end to end transmission of qubits or the end to end creation of entanglement between far away nodes.
Quantum network | Start | BB84 | BBM92 | E91 | DPS | COW |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DARPA Quantum Network | 2001 | Yes | No | No | No | No |
SECOCQ QKD network in Vienna | 2003 | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes |
Tokyo QKD network | 2009 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Hierarchical network in Wuhu, China | 2009 | Yes | No | No | No | No |
Geneva area network (SwissQuantum) | 2010 | Yes | No | No | No | Yes |
DARPA Quantum NetworkStarting in the early 2000s, DARPA began sponsorship of a quantum network development project with the aim of implementing secure communication. The DARPA Quantum Network became operational within the BBN Technologies laboratory in late 2003 and was expanded further in 2004 to include nodes at Harvard and Boston Universities. The network consists of multiple physical layers including fiber optics supporting phase-modulated lasers and entangled photons as well free-space links.[27][28]SECOQC Vienna QKD networkFrom 2003 to 2008 the Secure Communication based on Quantum Cryptography (SECOQC) project developed a collaborative network between a number of European institutions. The architecture chosen for the SECOQC project is a trusted repeater architecture which consists of point-to-point quantum links between devices where long distance communication is accomplished through the use of repeaters.[29]Chinese hierarchical networkIn May 2009, a hierarchical quantum network was demonstrated in Wuhu, China. The hierarchical network consists of a backbone network of four nodes connecting a number of subnets. The backbone nodes are connected through an optical switching quantum router. Nodes within each subnet are also connected through an optical switch and are connected to the backbone network through a trusted relay.[30]Geneva area network (SwissQuantum)The SwissQuantum network developed and tested between 2009 and 2011 linked facilities at CERN with the University of Geneva and hepia in Geneva. The SwissQuantum program focused on transitioning the technologies developed in the SECOQC and other research quantum networks into a production environment. In particular the integration with existing telecommunication networks, and its reliability and robustness.[31]Tokyo QKD networkIn 2010, a number of organizations from Japan and the European Union setup and tested the Tokyo QKD network. The Tokyo network build upon existing QKD technologies and adopted a SECOQC like network architecture. For the first time, one-time-pad encryption was implemented at high enough data rates to support popular end-user application such as secure voice and video conferencing. Previous large-scale QKD networks typically used classical encryption algorithms such as AES for high-rate data transfer and use the quantum-derived keys for low rate data or for regularly re-keying the classical encryption algorithms.[32]Beijing-Shanghai Trunk LineIn September 2017, a 2000-km quantum key distribution network between Beijing and Shanghai, China, was officially opened. This trunk line will serve as a backbone connecting quantum networks in Beijing, Shanghai, Jinan in Shandong province and Hefei in Anhui province. During the opening ceremony, two employees from the Bank of Communications completed a transaction from Shanghai to Beijing using the network. The State Grid Corporation of China is also developing a managing application for the link.[33] The line uses 32 trusted nodes as repeaters.[34] A quantum telecommunication network has been also put into service in Wuhan, capital of central China’s Hubei Province, which will be connected to the trunk. Other similar city quantum networks along the Yangtze River are planned to follow.[35]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Jump up to:a b Kimble, H. J. (2008-06-19). “The quantum internet”. Nature. 453 (7198): 1023–1030. arXiv:0806.4195. Bibcode:2008Natur.453.1023K. doi:10.1038/nature07127. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 18563153.
- ^ Caleffi, Marcello; Cacciapuoti, Angela Sara; Bianchi, Giuseppe (5 September 2018). Quantum internet: from communication to distributed computing!. NANOCOM ’18 Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Conference on Nanoscale Computing and Communication. Reykjavik, Iceland: ACM. doi:10.1145/3233188.3233224.
- ^ Pednault, Edwin; Gunnels, John A.; Nannicini, Giacomo; Horesh, Lior; Magerlein, Thomas; Solomonik, Edgar; Wisnieff, Robert (2017-10-16). “Breaking the 49-Qubit Barrier in the Simulation of Quantum Circuits”. arXiv:1710.05867 [quant-ph].
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i Van Meter, Rodney (2014). Quantum Networking. Hoboken: Wiley. pp. 127–196. ISBN 9781118648926. OCLC 879947342.
- ^ Cramer, J.; Kalb, N.; Rol, M. A.; Hensen, B.; Blok, M. S.; Markham, M.; Twitchen, D. J.; Hanson, R.; Taminiau, T. H. (2016-05-05). “Repeated quantum error correction on a continuously encoded qubit by real-time feedback”. Nature Communications. 7: ncomms11526. arXiv:1508.01388. Bibcode:2016NatCo…711526C. doi:10.1038/ncomms11526. PMC 4858808. PMID 27146630.
- ^ Hensen, B.; Bernien, H.; Dréau, A. E.; Reiserer, A.; Kalb, N.; Blok, M. S.; Ruitenberg, J.; Vermeulen, R. F. L.; Schouten, R. N. (2015-10-29). “Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres”. Nature. 526 (7575): 682–686. arXiv:1508.05949. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..682H. doi:10.1038/nature15759. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 26503041.
- ^ Pfaff, Wolfgang; Hensen, Bas; Bernien, Hannes; van Dam, Suzanne B.; Blok, Machiel S.; Taminiau, Tim H.; Tiggelman, Marijn J.; Schouten, Raymond N.; Markham, Matthew (2014-08-01). “Unconditional quantum teleportation between distant solid-state qubits”. Science. 345 (6196): 532–535. arXiv:1404.4369. Bibcode:2014Sci…345..532P. doi:10.1126/science.1253512. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25082696.
- ^ Inlek, I. V.; Crocker, C.; Lichtman, M.; Sosnova, K.; Monroe, C. (2017-06-23). “Multispecies Trapped-Ion Node for Quantum Networking”. Physical Review Letters. 118 (25): 250502. arXiv:1702.01062. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118y0502I. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.250502. PMID 28696766.
- ^ Pellizzari, T; Gardiner, SA; Cirac, JI; Zoller, P (1995), “Decoherence, continuous observation, and quantum computing: A cavity QED model”, Physical Review Letters, 75 (21): 3788–3791, Bibcode:1995PhRvL..75.3788P, doi:10.1103/physrevlett.75.3788, PMID 10059732
- ^ Ritter, Stephan; Nölleke, Christian; Hahn, Carolin; Reiserer, Andreas; Neuzner, Andreas; Uphoff, Manuel; Müicke, Martin; Figueroa, Eden; Bochmann, Joerg; Rempe, Gerhard (2012), “An elementary quantum network of single atoms in optical cavities”, Nature, 484 (7393): 195–200, arXiv:1202.5955, Bibcode:2012Natur.484..195R, doi:10.1038/nature11023, PMID 22498625
- ^ Gisson, Nicolas; Ribordy, Grégoire; Tittel, Wolfgang; Zbinden, Hugo (2002), “Quantum cryptography”, Reviews of Modern Physics, 74 (1): 145, arXiv:quant-ph/0101098, Bibcode:2002RvMP…74..145G, doi:10.1103/revmodphys.74.145
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External links[edit]
- https://web.archive.org/web/20090716121402/http://itvibe.com/news/2583/
- http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2125164/first-quantum-computr-network-goes-online
- http://www.bbn.com/news_and_events/press_releases/2005_press_releases/05_06_01
- Elliott, Chip (2004). “The DARPA Quantum Network”. arXiv:quant-ph/0412029.
- http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse571-07/ftp/quantum/
- http://www.ipod.org.uk/reality/reality_quantum_entanglement.asp
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